Three-dimensional printing utilizing a captive element

ABSTRACT

A method of forming a printed structure is disclosed. The method may include printing layers of a printed structure and incorporating an element within the printed structure. The element may be removed in order to form tunnels within the printed structure. In some embodiments the element may be removed and reused in the formation of additional printed structures. The element may also be retained to form a composite printed structure.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.62/263,916, filed on Dec. 7, 2015 and entitled “Article of Footwear withTubular Structures,” U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/263,923, filedDec. 7, 2015 and entitled “Tunnel Spring Structures,” U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/263,898, filed Dec. 7, 2015 and entitled “Article ofFootwear with Tubular Structures Having Tab Portions,” U.S. ProvisionalApplication No. 62/263,834, filed Dec. 7, 2015 and entitled“Three-Dimensional Printing Utilizing a Captive Element,” and U.S.Provisional Application No. 62/263,891, filed Dec. 7, 2015 and entitled“Segmented Tunnels on Articles,” the disclosures of which are hereinincorporated by reference in their entirety.

BACKGROUND

The present embodiments relate generally to three-dimensional printingsystems and methods.

Three-dimensional printing systems and methods may be associated withvarious technologies including fused deposition modeling (FDM), electronbeam freeform fabrication (EBF), selective laser sintering (SLS) as wellas other kinds of three-dimensional printing technologies.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The embodiments can be better understood with reference to the followingdrawings and description. The components in the figures are notnecessarily to scale, emphasis instead being placed upon illustratingthe principles of the embodiments. Moreover, in the figures, likereference numerals designate corresponding parts throughout thedifferent views.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an embodiment of components of athree-dimensional printing system as well as several articles that maybe used with the three-dimensional printing system;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printing device and abase;

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a portion of a printingdevice during operation;

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a portion of a printingdevice during operation;

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a portion of a printingdevice during operation;

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure;

FIG. 7 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure andan element;

FIG. 8 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure withan element;

FIG. 9 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure withan element;

FIG. 10 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure withan element;

FIG. 11 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a portion of a printingdevice during operation;

FIG. 12 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure;

FIG. 13 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure andan element;

FIG. 14 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure withan element;

FIG. 15 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure withan element;

FIG. 16 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure withan element;

FIG. 17 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure withan element;

FIG. 18 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure andan element;

FIG. 19 is an isometric view of an embodiment of a printed structure;

FIG. 20 is a side view of an embodiment of a printed structure;

FIG. 21 is a front view of an embodiment of a printed structure;

FIG. 22 is a back view of an embodiment of a printed structure;

FIG. 23 is an isometric view of an embodiment of a printed structure;

FIG. 24 is a side view of an embodiment of a printed structure;

FIG. 25 is a front view of an embodiment of a printed structure;

FIG. 26 is a back view of an embodiment of a printed structure;

FIG. 27 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure andan element;

FIG. 28 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure withan element;

FIG. 29 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a printed structure withan element;

FIG. 30 is an isometric view of an embodiment of a printed structurewith an element;

FIG. 31 is an isometric view of an embodiment of an element with arounded cross-section;

FIG. 32 is an isometric view of an embodiment of an element with arectangular cross-section;

FIG. 33 is an isometric view of an embodiment of an element withtriangular vanes;

FIG. 34 is an isometric view of an embodiment of an element with roundedvanes;

FIG. 35 is a schematic view of an embodiment of an upper in a printingdevice with a plurality of printed structures;

FIG. 36 is a schematic view of an embodiment of an upper in a printingdevice with a plurality of printed structures;

FIG. 37 is a schematic view of an embodiment of an upper in a printingdevice with a plurality of printed structures; and

FIG. 38 is an isometric view of an embodiment of an article of footwearwith a plurality of printed structures.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method ofprinting one or more structures. The method comprises discharging aprinted material from a nozzle onto a print surface, forming at least afirst layer of a first structure using the printed material, placing anelement in the first structure, wherein the element is in contact withthe first structure, forming at least a second layer of the firststructure using the printed material, and enclosing the element at leastpartially within the first structure.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method ofprinting one or more structures. The method comprises discharging aprinted material from a nozzle onto a print surface, where the printsurface is a surface of the article of apparel, and forming at least afirst layer of a first structure using the printed material, where thefirst layer includes a recess. The method further includes placing anelement in the first structure, where the element is disposed at leastpartially within the recess, forming at least a second layer of thefirst structure using the printed material, and enclosing the element atleast partially within the first structure.

In another embodiment, the present disclosure is directed to a method ofprinting one or more structures using a printing system. The methodcomprises discharging a printed material from a nozzle onto a printsurface, forming at least a first layer of a first structure using theprinted material, and placing an element in the first structure, wherethe element is in contact with the first structure. The method furtherincludes forming at least a second layer of the first structure usingthe printed material, enclosing the element at least partially withinthe first structure, removing the element from the first structure, andforming a tunnel in the first structure, where the tunnel forms ablind-hole aperture in the first structure.

Certain aspects, advantages, and novel features of the embodiments ofthis disclosure are described herein in the context of variousembodiments; however, the disclosed methods, systems, and apparatus arenot limited to any specific aspect, feature, or combination thereof. Forexample, the structures, systems and methods disclosed in differentembodiments herein can be combined with one another in various manners,and each can also be combined with the structures, systems and methodsdisclosed in each of the provisional applications to which thisapplication claims priority.

Other systems, methods, features and advantages of the embodiments willbe, or will become, apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art uponexamination of the following figures and detailed description. It isintended that all such additional systems, methods, features andadvantages be included within this description and this summary, bewithin the scope of the embodiments, and be protected by the followingclaims.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an embodiment of a three-dimensionalprinting system 100, also referred to simply as printing system 100hereafter. FIG. 1 also illustrates several exemplary articles 130 thatmay be used with printing system 100. In addition, FIG. 1 depictsseveral elements 194 that may be incorporated, placed, or otherwise usedduring printing. Referring to FIG. 1, printing system 100 may furthercomprise a printing device 102, a computing system 104, and a network106.

Structures may be formed and attached to an article using an additivemanufacturing process, also referred to as three-dimensional printing(or simply “printing” hereafter). The term “additive manufacturing,”also referred to as “three-dimensional printing,” refers to any deviceand technology for making a three-dimensional object through an additiveprocess where layers of material are successively laid down under thecontrol of a computer. Exemplary additive manufacturing techniques thatcould be used include, but are not limited to, extrusion methods such asfused deposition modeling (FDM), electron beam freeform fabrication(EBF), direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), electron beam melting (EBM),selective laser melting (SLM), selective heat sintering (SHS), selectivelaser sintering (SLS), plaster-based 3D printing, laminated objectmanufacturing (LOM), stereolithography (SLA), and digital lightprocessing (DLP). In one embodiment, an additive manufacturing devicecould be a fused deposition modeling type printer configured to printthermoplastic materials such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) orpolyactic acid (PLA).

Additive manufacturing processes may be used to form structures on flatreceiving surfaces as well as on contoured or non-flat surfaces. Forexample, some embodiments depicted in the figures may illustrate methodswhereby material is printed onto a flattened surface of an article, suchas a material section of an upper that has a flat or unassembledconfiguration. In such cases, printing material onto the surface may beaccomplished by depositing material in thin layers that are also flat.Thus, a print head or nozzle may move in one or more horizontaldirections to apply an Nth layer of material and then move in thevertical direction to begin forming the N+1 layer. However, it should beunderstood that in other embodiments material could be printed onto acontoured or non-flat surface. For example, material could be printedonto a three-dimensional last, where the surface of the last is notflat. In such cases, the printed layers applied to the surface may alsobe contoured. In order to accomplish this method of printing, a printhead or nozzle may be configured to move along a contoured surface andtilt, rotate or otherwise move so that the print head or nozzle isalways aligned approximately normal to the surface where printedmaterial is being applied. In some cases, a print head could be mountedto a robotic arm, such as an articulated robotic arm with six degrees offreedom. Alternatively, in still other embodiments, an object with acontoured surface could be re-oriented under a nozzle so that contouredlayers of printed material could be applied to the object. For example,embodiments could make use of any of the systems, features, componentsand/or methods disclosed in Mozeika et al., U.S. Patent PublicationNumber 2013/0015596, published Jan. 17, 2013 (and filed as U.S.application Ser. No. 13/530,664 on Jun. 22, 2012), titled “Roboticfabricator,” the entirety of which is herein incorporated by reference.Embodiments could also make use of any of the systems, features,components and/or methods disclosed in Cannell et al., U.S. Pat. No.8,123,350, issued Feb. 28, 2012, titled “Computerized apparatus andmethod for applying graphics to surfaces,” the entirety of which isherein incorporated by reference. Thus, it may be appreciated that thepresent embodiments are not limited to printing processes used forprinting to flat surfaces and may be used in conjunction with printingsystems that can print to any kinds of surfaces having any kinds ofgeometry.

For consistency and convenience, directional adjectives are employedthroughout this detailed description corresponding to the illustratedembodiments. The term “longitudinal,” as used throughout this detaileddescription and in the claims, refers to a direction extending a lengthof a component. The term “longitudinal axis,” as used throughout thisdetailed description and in the claims, refers to an axis oriented in alongitudinal direction.

The term “lateral direction,” as used throughout this detaileddescription and in the claims, refers to a side-to-side directionextending a width of a component. For example, the lateral direction mayextend between a medial side and a lateral side of an article offootwear, with the lateral side of the article of footwear being thesurface that faces away from the other foot, and the medial side beingthe surface that faces toward the other foot. The term “lateral axis,”as used throughout this detailed description and in the claims, refersto an axis oriented in a lateral direction.

The term “horizontal,” as used throughout this detailed description andin the claims, refers to any direction substantially parallel with thelongitudinal direction, the lateral direction, and all directions inbetween. In cases where a component is placed on the ground, ahorizontal direction may be parallel with the ground.

The term “vertical,” as used throughout this detailed description and inthe claims, refers to a direction generally perpendicular to both thelateral and longitudinal directions, along a vertical axis. For example,in cases where a component is flat on a ground surface, the verticaldirection may extend from the ground surface upward.

It will be understood that each of these directional adjectives may beapplied to individual components of a sole. Furthermore, the term “outersurface” as used throughout this detailed description and in the claims,refers to the surface of a component that would be facing away from thefoot when worn by a wearer. “Inner surface,” or “inner side” as usedthroughout this detailed description and in the claims, refers to thesurface of a component that is facing inward, or the surface that facestoward the foot when worn by a wearer.

For purposes of this disclosure, the foregoing directional terms, whenused in reference to an article of footwear or another article ofapparel, shall refer to the article of footwear when sitting in anupright position, with the sole facing groundward, that is, as it wouldbe positioned when worn by a wearer standing on a substantially levelsurface.

In the embodiments shown in the figures, printing system 100 may beassociated with fused filament fabrication (FFF), also referred to asfused deposition modeling. An example of a printing device using fusedfilament fabrication (FFF) is disclosed in Crump, U.S. Pat. No.5,121,329, filed Oct. 30, 1989 and titled “Apparatus and Method forCreating Three-Dimensional Objects,” which application is hereinincorporated by reference and referred to hereafter as the “3D Objects”application. Embodiments of the present disclosure can make use of anyof the systems, components, devices, and methods disclosed in the 3DObjects application.

Printing device 102 may include a housing 110 that supports varioussystems, devices, components or other provisions that facilitate thethree-dimensional printing of objects (e.g., parts, components, orstructures). Although the exemplary embodiment depicts a particularrectangular box-like geometry for housing 110, other embodiments coulduse any housing having any geometry and/or design. The shape and size ofhousing 110 could be varied according to factors including a desiredfoot-print for the device, the size and shape of parts that may beformed within printing device 102, as well as possibly other factors. Itwill be understood that housing 110 could be open (e.g., provide a framewith large openings) or closed (e.g., with glass or panels of solidmaterial and a door).

In some embodiments, printing device 102 may include provisions toretain or hold a printed object (or a component supporting the printedobject). In some embodiments, printing device 102 may include a table,platform, tray or similar component to support, retain and/or hold aprinted object or an object onto which printed material is beingapplied. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, printing device 102 includes atray 112. In some embodiments, tray 112 may be fixed in place and act asa stable base. In other embodiments, however, tray 112 could move. Forexample, in some cases, tray 112 may be configured to translate withinhousing 110 in a horizontal direction (e.g., front-back and/or leftright with respect to housing 110) as well as a vertical direction(e.g., up-down within housing 110). Moreover, in some cases, tray 112may be configured to rotate and/or tilt about one or more axesassociated with tray 112. Thus it is contemplated that in at least someembodiments, tray 112 may be moved into any desired relativeconfiguration with a nozzle or print head of printing device 102. Inother embodiments, printing device 102 may not include a tray 112. Insome embodiments, tray 112 may be curved, irregularly shaped, or shapedto provide a customized platform upon which an article or object may beplaced or secured. In some embodiments, printing device 102 may includean open space or cavity formed within tray 112.

In some embodiments, printing device 102 may include one or moresystems, devices, assemblies or components for delivering a printedmaterial (or printed substance) to a target location. Target locationscould include the surface of tray 112, a surface or portion of apartially printed structure and/or a surface or portion of a non-printedstructure or component. The target location may also be referred to as aprint surface 148. In different embodiments, provisions for deliveringprinted materials include, for example, print heads and nozzles. In theembodiment of FIG. 1, printing device 102 includes a nozzle assembly116.

Nozzle assembly 116 may comprise one or more nozzles that deliver aprinted material to a target location. For purposes of clarity, theexemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 depicts a single nozzle 118 of nozzleassembly 116. However, in other embodiments, nozzle assembly 116 couldbe configured with any number of nozzles, which could be arranged in anarray or any particular configuration. In embodiments comprising two ormore nozzles, the nozzles could be configured to move together and/orindependently.

Nozzle 118 may be configured with a nozzle aperture 119 that can beopened and/or closed to control the flow of material exiting from nozzle118. Specifically, nozzle aperture 119 may be in fluid communicationwith a nozzle channel 121 that receives a supply of material from amaterial source (not shown) within printing device 102. Some examples ofmaterials that may be received or used are disclosed in Sterman et al.,U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/935,731, filed Nov. 9, 2015 andtitled “Tack and Drag Printing Method,” which application is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety, hereinafter referred to asthe “Tack and Drag” case.

In some embodiments, a worm-drive may be used to push the filament intonozzle 118 at a specific rate (which may be varied to achieve a desiredvolumetric flow rate of material from nozzle 118). In other embodiments,a worm-drive is omitted. For example, the material may be pulled fromnozzle 118 using an actuating system. It will be understood that in somecases, the supply of material could be provided at a location nearnozzle 118 (e.g., in a portion of nozzle assembly 116), while in otherembodiments the supply of material could be located at some otherlocation of printing device 102 and fed via tubes, conduits, or otherprovisions, to nozzle assembly 116.

As will be described below, printing system 100 can include provisionsfor facilitating the alignment of a printed design or graphic onto anarticle. In some embodiments, it may be useful to provide a user with away of aligning an article with printing system 100 so as to ensure agraphic is printed in the desired portion of the article. In particular,printing system 100 may include provisions for programming theorientation of an article with print device 102 in such a way as toaccommodate articles of various types, shapes, curves, and sizes.

In some embodiments, nozzle assembly 116 is associated with a firstactuating system 114. First actuating system 114 may include variouscomponents, devices and systems that facilitate the motion of nozzleassembly 116 within housing 110. In particular, first actuating system114 may include provisions to move nozzle assembly 116 in any horizontaldirection. Horizontal directions can include longitudinal directions,referred to herein as a third direction 164, and/or lateral directions,also referred to herein as a second direction 162, or any otherdirection lying along the horizontal plane. First actuating system 114may also include provisions to move nozzle assembly 116 in any verticaldirection, identified herein as a first direction 160. The movement ofnozzle assembly 116 in various directions can facilitate the process ofdepositing a material so as to form a three-dimensional object or toprint along a three-dimensional or curved surface. To this end,embodiments of first actuating system 114 may include one or moretracks, rails, and/or similar provisions to hold nozzle assembly 116 atvarious positions and/or orientations within housing 110. Embodimentsmay also include any kinds of motors, such as a stepper motor or a servomotor, to move nozzle assembly 116 along a track or rail, and/or to moveone or more tracks or rails relative to one another.

For purposes of this description, an object or article with a curvedsurface refers to articles 130 with one or more portions that includecurves, bumps, and varying thickness. For example, an article may haveregions that are flat, smooth, level, or even, with relatively littlethickness. However, the same article may also include curved regionswith surfaces that deviate from being straight for some or all of itslength or area. In some embodiments, curved surfaces can compriseregular, geometric curves such as those associated with circles,triangles, squares, and other geometric shapes, and/or they may also beirregular, for example in articles shaped to accommodate or include aparticular uneven configuration.

An actuating system can be configured to move a nozzle in one or moredirections. In some embodiments, an actuating system could move a nozzlein a single linear direction. In other embodiments, an actuating systemcould move a nozzle in at least two perpendicular directions. In stillother embodiments, an actuating system could move a nozzle in threeperpendicular directions. For example, in the exemplary embodiment shownin FIG. 1, first actuating system 114 may be configured to move nozzle118 in first direction 160, second direction 162 and third direction164. As seen in FIG. 1, first direction 160 may be associated with avertical direction of housing 110, while second direction 162 and thirddirection 164 may be associated with horizontal directions of housing110 (e.g., length and width directions). Of course while the exemplaryembodiment depicts an actuating system capable of moving a nozzlethrough three independent x-y-z or Cartesian directions, otherembodiments may be configured to move a nozzle in three independentdirections associated with a non-Cartesian coordinate system (e.g., aspherical coordinate system, a cylindrical coordinate system, etc.).Still further, in other cases an actuating system could move a nozzlethrough three different directions that may not be orthogonal (e.g.,directions of an oblique coordinate system).

In certain embodiments, first direction 160 is approximately normal to asurface, such as a print surface 148. As used herein, a direction isapproximately normal to a surface when it is within 10 degrees fromperpendicular to the surface. For example, as shown, first direction 160is approximately normal to print surface 148.

For purposes of this discussion, a print surface may correspond to thesurface where a nozzle is printing. For example, in cases where nozzle118 prints directly onto tray 112, the print surface is associated witha surface of tray 112. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, print surface 148 isillustrated as the side of tray 112 that faces upward toward nozzleassembly 116. However, it should be noted that in other embodiments,print surface 148 may comprise the surface or side of an article orobject that is printed upon by nozzle 118. Print surface 148 may begenerally flat, or it may be substantially curved and include contours.In one embodiment, print surface 148 may be the side or surface of anobject or article that is generally normal to first direction 160. Thus,print surface 148 may refer to the surface of an article that isattached to a printing material such as a thread or other materialextruded or otherwise discharged or emitted from nozzle 118.

In certain embodiments, printing system 100 can selectively move nozzle118. In one embodiment, printing system 100 simultaneously moves nozzle118 in three directions. For example, printing system 100 may movenozzle 118 in first direction 160 away from tray 112 whilesimultaneously moving nozzle 118 in second direction 162 and/or in thirddirection 164 over print surface 148. In another example, a positionalong a direction is maintained while printing system 100 selectivelymoves nozzle 118 in another direction. Printing system 100 may movenozzle 118 in first direction 160 to or away from print surface 148while simultaneously maintaining a base position of nozzle 118 in seconddirection 162 and in third direction 164 over print surface 148. Inanother example, printing system 100 may maintain a print distance 216(see FIG. 2) from nozzle 118 in first direction 160 while simultaneouslymoving nozzle 118 parallel to print surface 148.

For purposes of this description, print distance 216 (as shown in FIG.2) refers to the distance or height in the vertical direction betweennozzle 118 and print surface 148. Thus, in some embodiments, as printsurface 148 may be curved or otherwise vary in height, print distance216 may increase or decrease without any corresponding vertical motionof nozzle 118 when nozzle moves in the horizontal plane. In other words,print distance 216 may change even though the distance between nozzle118 and tray 112 remains constant due to the contoured geometry of anunderlying article. In other embodiments, print distance 216 may remainconstant as nozzle 118 moves in the horizontal plane. In one embodiment,due to a vertical motion of nozzle 118, the distance between nozzle 118and tray 112 may vary while nozzle 118 maintains a constant printdistance 216 relative to print surface 148. Thus, printing system 100can maintain a generally constant distance between nozzle 118 and printsurface 148, which can facilitate printing directly to objects with somecurvature and/or surface texture.

In order to improve the efficiency of printing system 100, in differentembodiments, one or more elements 194 can be associated with a secondactuating system 190 that may be included in printing system 100.Although the exemplary embodiment generally depicts a rectangularbox-like geometry for second actuating system 190, other embodimentscould use any system having any geometry and/or design. The shape andsize of the actuating system could be varied according to factorsincluding the article being printed on, the size, shape and dimension ofparts that may be formed within printing device 102, as well as possiblyother factors.

Second actuating system 190 may include various components, devices andsystems that facilitate the motion of elements 194 within housing 110.In particular, second actuating system 190 may include provisions tomove elements 194 in any horizontal direction and/or vertical directionto facilitate the position of elements 194 during printing. To this end,embodiments of second actuating system 190 may include one or moretracks, rails, and/or similar provisions to hold elements 194 at variouspositions and/or orientations within housing 110. Embodiments may alsoinclude any kinds of motors, such as a stepper motor or a servo motor,to move elements 194 along a track or rail, and/or to move one or moretracks or rails relative to one another.

In some embodiments, there may be a securing device 192, such as a clampor other adjustable gripping member, in second actuating system 190.Securing device 192 can provide a means of attachment between secondactuating system 190 and elements 194. In other embodiments, there maybe no securing device 192. It should be noted that portions of secondactuating system 190 may be positioned in various locations withinprinting system 100. In one embodiment, second actuating system 190 mayinclude provisions for removing elements 194 from printed structures.

Thus, second actuating system 190 can be configured to move an elementin one or more directions. In some embodiments, an actuating systemcould move an element in a single linear direction. In otherembodiments, an actuating system could move an element in at least twoperpendicular directions. In still other embodiments, an actuatingsystem could move an element in three perpendicular directions. Forexample, in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 1, second actuatingsystem 190 may be configured to move elements 194 in a first direction160, a second direction 162 and a third direction 164. As seen in FIG.1, first direction 160 may be associated with a vertical direction ofhousing 110, while second direction 162 and third direction 164 may beassociated with horizontal directions of housing 110 (e.g., length andwidth directions). Of course while the exemplary embodiment depicts anactuating system capable of moving an element through three independentx-y-z or Cartesian directions, other embodiments may be configured tomove an element in three independent directions associated with anon-Cartesian coordinate system (e.g., a spherical coordinate system, acylindrical coordinate system, etc.). Still further, in other cases anactuating system could move an element through three differentdirections that may not be orthogonal (e.g., directions of an obliquecoordinate system).

In certain embodiments, printing system 100 may selectively move theelement using second actuating system 190 or another mechanism. In oneembodiment, printing system 100 simultaneously moves elements 194 inthree directions. For example, printing system 100 may move elements 194in first direction 160 away from tray 112 while simultaneously movingelements 194 in second direction 162 and/or in third direction 164 in adirection generally parallel to tray 112. In other embodiments, aposition along a direction is maintained while printing system 100selectively moves elements 194 in another direction. In certainembodiments, printing system 100 may move elements 194 in firstdirection 160 to or away from tray 112 while simultaneously maintaininga base position of elements 194 in second direction 162 and in thirddirection 164 along print surface 148. In some embodiments, printingsystem 100 may maintain a print distance 216 from elements 194 in firstdirection 160 while simultaneously moving elements 194 parallel to printsurface 148. For example, printing system 100 may maintain a printdistance 216 from elements 194 in first direction 160 whilesimultaneously moving elements 194 in second direction 162 and/or thirddirection 164.

In some embodiments, first actuating system 114 and/or second actuatingsystem 190 can be operated manually by a user. In other embodiments,there may be provisions for automating the operation of first actuatingsystem 114 and second actuating system 190. For example, someembodiments could include motors and/or other provisions forautomatically driving nozzle 118 to various positions along one or moretracks. Moreover, in automated embodiments, the position or speed ofnozzle 118 and/or elements 194 could be adjusted using controls providedin printing system 100, or using an associated system, such as computingsystem 104, which is discussed in further detail below.

It will be understood that for purposes of illustration, the components,devices and systems of printing device 102 are shown schematically inFIG. 1. It will therefore be appreciated that embodiments may includeadditional provisions not shown, including specific parts, componentsand devices that facilitate the operation of first actuating system 114,second actuating system 190, and nozzle assembly 116. For example, firstactuating system 114 is shown schematically as including several tracksor rails, but the particular configuration and number of partscomprising first actuating system 114 may vary from one embodiment toanother.

As discussed above, printing system 100 can include provisions tocontrol and/or receive information from printing device 102. Theseprovisions can include a computing system 104 and a network 106.Generally, the term “computing system” refers to the computing resourcesof a single computer, a portion of the computing resources of a singlecomputer, and/or two or more computers in communication with oneanother. Any of these resources can be operated by one or more humanusers. In some embodiments, computing system 104 may include one or moreservers. In some cases, a print server may be primarily responsible forcontrolling and/or communicating with printing device 102, while aseparate computer (e.g., desktop, laptop or tablet) may facilitateinteractions with a user. Computing system 104 can also include one ormore storage devices including but not limited to magnetic, optical,magneto-optical, and/or memory, including volatile memory andnon-volatile memory.

In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1, computing system 104 may comprisea central processing device 185, a viewing interface 186 (e.g., amonitor or screen), input devices 187 (e.g., keyboard and mouse), andsoftware for designing a computer-aided design (“CAD”) representation189 of a printed structure. In at least some embodiments, the CADrepresentation 189 of a printed structure may include not onlyinformation about the geometry of the structure, but also informationrelated to the materials required to print various portions of thestructure.

In some embodiments, computing system 104 may be in direct contact withprinting device 102 via network 106. Network 106 may include any wiredor wireless provisions that facilitate the exchange of informationbetween computing system 104 and printing device 102. In someembodiments, network 106 may further include various components such asnetwork interface controllers, repeaters, hubs, bridges, switches,routers, modems and firewalls. In some cases, network 106 may be awireless network that facilitates wireless communication between two ormore systems, devices and/or components of printing system 100. Examplesof wireless networks include, but are not limited to: wireless personalarea networks (including, for example, Bluetooth), wireless local areanetworks (including networks utilizing the IEEE 802.11 WLAN standards),wireless mesh networks, mobile device networks as well as other kinds ofwireless networks. In other cases, network 106 could be a wired networkincluding networks whose signals are facilitated by twister pair wires,coaxial cables, and optical fibers. In still other cases, a combinationof wired and wireless networks and/or connections could be used.

Printing system 100 may be operated as follows to provide one or morestructures that have been formed using a 3D printing, or additive,process. Computing system 104 may be used to design a structure. Thismay be accomplished using some type of CAD software, or other kind ofsoftware. The design may then be transformed into information that canbe interpreted by printing device 102 (or a related print server incommunication with printing device 102). In some cases, the design maybe converted to a 3D printable file, such as a stereolithography file(STL file).

Before printing, an article may be placed onto tray 112 or may besecured using second actuating system 190. Once the printing process isinitiated (by a user, for example), printing device 102 may begindepositing material onto the article. This may be accomplished by movingnozzle 118 (using first actuating system 114) to build up layers of astructure using deposited material. In embodiments where fused filamentfabrication is used, material extruded from nozzle 118 may be heated soas to increase the pliability of the heat moldable material as it isdeposited.

Although some of the embodiments shown in the figures depict a systemusing fused filament fabrication printing technologies, it will beunderstood that still other embodiments could incorporate one or moredifferent 3D printing technologies. For example, printing system 100 mayuse a tack and drag print method, as described in the Tack and Dragcase. Moreover, still other embodiments could incorporate a combinationof fused filament fabrication and another type of 3D printing techniqueto achieve desired results for a particular printed structure or part.

In different embodiments, printing device 102 may use a variety ofdifferent materials for forming 3D parts, including, but not limited to:thermoplastics (e.g., polyactic acid and acrylonitrile butadienestyrene), high density polyethylene, eutectic metals, rubber, clays(including metal clays), Room Temperature Vulcanizing silicone (RTVsilicone), porcelain, as well as possibly other kinds of materials knownin the art. In embodiments where two or more different printed orextruded materials are used to form a part, any two or more of thematerials disclosed above could be used. In some embodiments, printingdevice 102 may extrude, discharge or use a material or threadcomposition as described in Sterman et al., U.S. Patent PublicationNumber 2016/0053410 (U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/466,319, filedAug. 22, 2014) and titled “Thread Structure Composition and Method ofMaking,” the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference inits entirety, and is hereinafter referred to as the “Thread StructureComposition” case.

Furthermore, additive printing systems used with the embodiments canmake use of any printable materials. The term “printable material” or“print material” is intended to encompass any materials that may beprinted, ejected, emitted, or otherwise deposited during an additivemanufacturing process. Such materials can include, but are not limitedto, thermoplastics (e.g., PLA and ABS) and thermoplastic powders,high-density polyurethylene, eutectic metals, rubber, modeling clay,plasticine, RTV silicone, porcelain, metal clay, ceramic materials,plaster, and photopolymers, as well as possibly other materials knownfor use in 3D printing.

As discussed above, in some embodiments, printed structures may beprinted directly onto one or more articles 130, or a portion of articles130. The term “articles” is intended to include articles of apparel(e.g., shirts, pants, footwear, etc.), as well as other objects,textiles, or materials. As used throughout this disclosure, the terms“article of footwear” and “footwear” include any footwear and anymaterials associated with footwear, including an upper, lacing elements,and sole structures, and may also be applied to a variety of athleticfootwear types, including baseball shoes, basketball shoes,cross-training shoes, cycling shoes, football shoes, tennis shoes,soccer shoes, and hiking boots, for example. As used throughout thisdisclosure, the terms “article of footwear” and “footwear” also includefootwear types that are generally considered to be nonathletic, formal,or decorative, including dress shoes, loafers, sandals, slippers, boatshoes, and work boots. In the embodiment of FIG. 1, articles 130comprise exemplary articles that may receive a printed structuredirectly from printing device 102, including an upper 134 or a shirt136.

Furthermore, while the disclosed embodiments are described in thecontext of footwear, the disclosed embodiments may further be equallyapplied to any article of apparel or equipment that may receive 3Dprinting. Thus, as used throughout this disclosure, the term “article ofapparel” may refer to any apparel or clothing, including any article offootwear, as well as hats, caps, shirts, jerseys, jackets, socks,shorts, pants, undergarments, athletic support garments, gloves,wrist/arm bands, sleeves, headbands, any knit material, any wovenmaterial, any nonwoven material, etc. Other examples of articlesinclude, but are not limited to: shin guards, knee pads, elbow pads,shoulder pads, as well as any other type of protective equipment.Additionally, in some embodiments, the article could be another type ofarticle that is not configured to be worn, including, but not limitedto: balls, bags, purses, backpacks, as well as other articles that maynot be worn.

In order to apply printed materials directly to one or more articles,printing device 102 may be capable of printing onto the surfaces ofvarious kinds of materials. Specifically, in some cases, printing device102 may be capable of printing onto the surfaces of various materialssuch as a textile, a natural fabric, a synthetic fabric, a knit, a wovenmaterial, a nonwoven material, a mesh, a leather, a synthetic leather, apolymer, a rubber, and a foam, or any combination of them, without theneed for a release layer interposed between a substrate and the bottomof the printed material, and without the need for a perfectly ornear-perfectly flat substrate surface on which to print. For example,the disclosed methods may include printing a resin, acrylic,thermoplastic material or ink material onto a fabric, for example a knitmaterial, where the material is adhered/bonded to the fabric and wherethe material does not generally delaminate when flexed, rolled, worked,or subject to additional assembly processes/steps. As used throughoutthis disclosure, the term “fabric” may be used to refer generally tomaterials chosen from any textile, natural fabric, synthetic fabric,knit, woven material, nonwoven material, mesh, leather, syntheticleather, polymers, rubbers, and foam.

Although some embodiments may use printing device 102 to printstructures directly onto the surface of a material, other embodimentsmay include steps of printing a structure onto a tray or release paper,and then joining the printed structure to an article in a separate step.In other words, in at least some embodiments, printed structures neednot be printed directly to the surface of articles 130.

Furthermore, in some embodiments, printing device 102 may be configuredto print one or more structures that incorporate or utilize one or moreelements 194 (for example, elements may be placed within or along theprinted structure). Elements 194 comprise exemplary elements that may beinserted, disposed, laid adjacent to, placed in contact with, orotherwise incorporated into at least a portion of a printed structure.In some embodiments, elements 194 may include a lacing element 132 or ashaft 196. Elements 194 may also include other objects or substrateswhich can vary in size, dimension, geometry, material composition,rigidity, texture and other properties. An element for purposes of thisdisclosure may include but are not limited to cords, cables, laces,shafts, cylinders, tubes, strands, wire, or any other object or materialthat can be disposed adjacent to printed materials or a printedstructure. Elements 194 will be discussed in detail further below.

As previously noted, printing device 102 may be configured to printdirectly onto various articles 130. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, afirst article 204 is depicted. First article 204 comprises anunassembled upper for an article of footwear. In FIG. 2, first article204 includes a forefoot region 210, a midfoot region 212, and a heelregion 214, as described above. Furthermore, first article 204 includesa lateral side 206 and a medial side 208. In other embodiments, firstarticle 204 can include any type of surface, object, or material. Insome embodiments, first article 204 may be an upper or a shirt, forexample. In the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2, first article 204 is aportion of an upper. For purposes of this description, the surface ofthe article or material upon which printing occurs will be referred toas print surface 148.

As previously mentioned, nozzle 118 is configured to emit, discharge, orextrude various materials. In different embodiments, the printedmaterial may be discharged, ejected or otherwise emitted via nozzle 118in the form of droplets 202. One of ordinary skill in the art willrecognize that the form of droplets 202 may vary depending on the actualmaterial ejected or otherwise emitted from nozzle 118. In someembodiments, droplets 202 may thus be any viscosity liquid material, oreven a semi-solid material. Consistent with an embodiment, droplets 202may be any desired material or phase of material suitable for use inprinting system 100. In some embodiments, the nozzle system employed maybe equivalent or identical to that used in inkjet printing systems, suchas piezo inkjet systems. Thus, in some other embodiments, a nozzle maybe associated with a piezoelectric inkjet head.

It should be noted that in other embodiments, nozzle 118 may extrudeother materials. For example, nozzle 118 may extrude a continuous threador discrete thread segments. Such a thread may include a composition asdescribed in Thread Structure Composition and Method of Making.

As will be described further below, in different embodiments, variousstructures may be printed along first article 204. For example, in FIG.2, a first structure 220 is being completed along lateral side 206 ofmidfoot region 212 of first article 204. A second structure 222 isadjacent to first structure 220. In some embodiments, printed structures218 may integrate or otherwise be associated with an element 224. Thiscan be seen in FIG. 2, where element 224 comprising a length of lace isdisposed along midfoot region 212 of first article 204. In someembodiments, element 224 may be inserted or be joined to printedstructures 218. In one embodiment, element 224 may be placed onto printsurface 148 using second actuating system 190 (described with referenceto FIG. 1).

In FIG. 2, element 224 is shown as looped through printed structures218, whereby each printed structure 218 has an opening or tunnel throughwhich element 224 is incorporated or placed. It should be noted that theopenings or tunnels need not be round.

First structure 220 in FIG. 2 is shown with a portion of element 224disposed upon part of its surface. In some embodiments, as printingcontinues, one or more portions of element 224 may be enclosed orpartially enclosed within first structure 220. Some embodiments of thisprocess will be described in further detail below. For purposes of thisdescription, an element is enclosed or partially enclosed when it is incontact with the printed structure along an upper side or surface. Inother words, an element is partially enclosed when the element has hadprinted material deposited to at least partially cover the element,and/or is at least partially contacting the printed structure. Anelement is fully enclosed when the element is encapsulated or made“captive” within the structure, and the entire surface area of theelement is located within the printed structure. In other words, anelement that is fully enclosed has no portion or surface area exposed.

In the figures that follow, a portion of printing system 100 isdepicted. For purposes of convenience, some components of printingsystem 100 are not shown. It should be understood that FIGS. 3-38 arefor purposes of illustration only, and the components described abovewith respect to FIGS. 1 and 2 may be included or referred to in thefollowing description while not illustrated in the figures.

FIGS. 3-10 provide a partial view of printing device 102, illustrating amethod of printing a three-dimensional structure including variousopenings or other designs within the interior of the printed structurethrough the utilization of an element. The methods illustrated hereinmay be implemented on various devices, may utilize various materials,use different types of bases, etc. Accordingly, the methods illustratedin FIGS. 3-10 are for illustrative purposes only. In some embodiments,the printing can occur over print surfaces 148 that have been previouslymanufactured or fabricated, or partially manufactured, and printing canoccur post-manufacture. This can allow customization of articles 130 tobe processed more quickly, as well as more cost-efficiently.

In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIGS. 3-10, structures are shownbeing printed directly onto a tray of a printing system for purposes ofclarity. It may be appreciated, however, that in some cases structurescan be printed directly onto the base layer of an article (e.g., anupper or other apparel).

For example, in FIG. 3, a portion of a printing device 102 is depicted.Droplets 202 are being deposited by nozzle 118 onto print surface 148 oftray 112. In FIG. 3, printed material 300 comprising multiple droplets202 is beginning to coalesce. In FIG. 4, a first layer 400 has beenformed by droplets 202. Nozzle 118 has moved in a horizontal plane(e.g., in second direction 162 and/or third direction 164) as well as inthe vertical direction (e.g., first direction 160) to add furtherdroplets to first layer 400. Thus, a second layer 402 is beginning to beformed. Similarly, in FIG. 5, second layer 402 has been completed,forming a first composite layer 500 comprising first layer 400 andsecond layer 402, while a third layer 502 is being formed. In someembodiments, the process depicted in FIGS. 3-5 may be repeated multipletimes to build a structure of desired thickness, shape, and/or area.

As described with reference to FIG. 2, in some embodiments, printingsystem 100 can maintain a print distance between nozzle 118 and printsurface 148 to attach droplets 202 to print surface 148. The printdistance and other aspects of printing relevant to the disclosed processmay vary or be otherwise adjusted, as described in Waati et al., U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/935,977, filed Nov. 9, 2015 and titled“Three-Dimensional Printing Along A Curved Surface,” the disclosure ofwhich is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In otherembodiments, the printing method utilized may feature one or more of themethods described in the Tack and Drag case. In some embodiments,structures can be formed using any of the methods described in Jones etal., U.S. Patent Publication Number 2014/0020192, published Jan. 23,2014 and titled “Footwear Assembly Method With 3D Printing,” thedisclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In FIG. 6, a first partial structure 600 comprising multiple layers ofprinted material is depicted. First partial structure 600 includes afirst recess 602. In some embodiments, first recess 602 is formed byadding multiple layers in a step pattern that comprise the portion offirst partial structure 600 which include first recess 602. For example,as seen in magnified area 604, the edges of first recess 602 are aplurality of steps 610 along the surface of first partial structure 600,including a first step 606 and a second step 608. In other words, insome embodiments, various portions of a printed structure may includedifferences in thickness, area, material, shape, design in order to formrecesses, openings, or other features. It should be noted that in otherembodiments, first recess 602 may be formed at an earlier point inprinting, or at a later point.

In different embodiments, first recess 602 may vary in size ordimension. For example, first recess 602 may be larger or smaller thanshown in FIG. 6. In other embodiments, first recess 602 may includeportions that are more narrow or wider than depicted in FIG. 6. In someembodiments, there may be multiple recesses, or the structure mayinclude no recess.

In different embodiments, a printed structure may incorporate variouselements. For example, in FIG. 7, first partial structure 600 is shownadjacent a second lace 700. Second lace 700 may be inserted, placed,disposed, laid down along or otherwise provided to first partialstructure 600 at different points of the printing process. In someembodiments, second lace 700 may be presented before first recess 602 isformed. In other embodiments, second lace 700 may be provided during orafter the formation of first recess 602.

In some embodiments, printing may be paused or interrupted to allow theincorporation of elements such as second lace 700. However, in otherembodiments, printing may be ongoing while second lace 700 is added tofirst partial structure 600. In one embodiment, second actuating system190 may be used to place second lace 700 within recess 602 of firstpartial structure 600.

In some embodiments, the size, shape and dimension of first recess 602may be formed to generally correspond at least in part to the size,shape, and dimensions of an element. For example, in FIG. 7, firstrecess 602 provides a recess that generally matches the contours of atleast a portion of second lace 700. In other words, as second lace 700is moved vertically down into recess 602 (i.e., in the direction ofindicated by arrow 702), and is laid along a recess surface 704, atleast a portion of second lace 700 fits snugly and securely within thecurvature provided by first recess 602. In other embodiments, firstrecess 602 may be substantially larger than second lace 700 or otherwiseprovide a less secure fit to second lace 700. For example, in oneembodiment, there may be no recess, or the curvature of the recess maybe nearly flat such that second lace 700 rests on a surface that doesnot securely hold second lace 700.

In FIG. 8, second lace 700 has been placed along recess surface 704 offirst partial structure 600. As printing continues in FIG. 9, additionallayers are laid over first partial structure 600, as well as second lace700, forming a second partial structure 902. Second partial structure902 includes a first tunnel 900, formed in part with previously formedfirst recess 602. Thus, a portion of second lace 700 is now covered byor enclosed within first tunnel 900 of second partial structure 902. InFIG. 10, printing is completed, and a third structure 1000 has beenformed. Second lace 700 is positioned such that a portion of second lace700 is disposed entirely within an interior portion of third structure1000. In some embodiments, second lace 700 may be attached within firsttunnel 900, whereby second lace 700 is substantially anchored andimmobilized within third structure 1000. In other embodiments, secondlace 700 may retain some mobility, and be able to move in a generallyhorizontal direction 1002 through first tunnel 900, at least to someextent.

It should be noted that in different embodiments, multiple printedstructures may be formed that include or incorporate a single lace. Forexample, in one embodiment, third structure 1000 may be formed withsecond lace 700, and a fourth structure may also be formed that includessecond lace 700. Additional structures may also be printed that includesecond lace 700. In other embodiments, multiple lace elements (or othertypes of elements) may be used to form neighboring printed structures.

In addition, while the embodiments herein depict first tunnel 900 asformed entirely of printed material, it should be noted that in otherembodiments one or more portions of a tunnel may be comprised of thesubstrate upon which the structure is printed. In other words, in someembodiments, the bottom portion of a tunnel may be formed (or provided)by the underlying object, including a base material such as an upper orother material, to which the tunnel is attached. Furthermore, theembodiments described herein may apply any of the features or printingtechniques described in Guest et al., U.S. Patent Application No.62/263,923, filed Dec. 7, 2015 and titled “3D Printed Tunnel SpringStructure,” Guest et al., U.S. Patent Application No. 62/263,898, filedDec. 7, 2015 and titled “3D Printed Tunnels with Window for Cable Loop,”and Guest et al., U.S. Patent Application No. 62/263,891, filed Dec. 7,2015 and titled “3D Printed Segmented Tunnels With Cables,” thedisclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in theirentirety.

In different embodiments, elements 194 may be utilized to form othertypes of tunnels within a printed structure. In some embodiments,tunnels may refer to any opening in the interior of the printedstructures. As will be discussed further below, tunnels may includevarious sizes, shapes, dimensions, and/or thicknesses. Tunnels may alsobe asymmetrical or symmetrical, and include a through-hole orblind-hole. It should be noted that tunnels may comprise various shapes,and need not be round or cylindrical in shape, as will be discussedbelow with reference to FIGS. 31-34.

For example, in FIG. 11, a portion of a printing device 102 is depicted.Droplets 202 are being deposited by nozzle 118 onto print surface 148 oftray 112. In FIG. 11, printed material 1100 comprising multiple droplets202 is beginning to coalesce. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 12,after repeating the process described above with respect to FIGS. 3-5, athird partial structure 1200 comprising multiple layers of printedmaterial is formed. Third partial structure 1200 includes a secondrecess 1202. In some embodiments, second recess 1202 is formed by addingmultiple layers in a step pattern that comprise the portion of thirdpartial structure 1200 that is associated with second recess 1202, asdescribed above with reference to FIG. 6.

In different embodiments, a printed structure may incorporate variouselements 194. For example, in FIG. 13, third partial structure 1200 isshown below a first shaft 1300. First shaft 1300 may be inserted,placed, disposed, laid down along or otherwise provided to third partialstructure 1200 at different points of the printing process. In someembodiments, first shaft 1300 may be presented before second recess 1202is formed. In other embodiments, first shaft 1300 may be provided duringor after the formation of second recess 1202.

In different embodiments, a shaft may comprise a variety of materials,including but not limited to: a low-friction polymer material, metals,alloys, plastic, porcelain, as well as possibly other kinds of materialsknown in the art.

In some embodiments, printing may be paused or interrupted to allow theincorporation of elements such as first shaft 1300. However, in otherembodiments, printing may be ongoing while first shaft 1300 is added tothird partial structure 1200. In one embodiment, second actuating system190 may be used to provide first shaft 1300 to third partial structure1200.

In some embodiments, the size and shape of second recess 1202 may beselected to generally correspond at least in part to the size, shape,and dimensions of an element. For example, in FIG. 13, second recess1202 provides a recess surface 1304 that generally matches the contoursof at least a portion of first shaft 1300. In other words, as firstshaft 1300 is moved in the direction of an arrow 1302, and is laid alongrecess surface 1304, at least a portion of first shaft 1300 can fitsnugly and securely within the curvature provided by second recess 1202.In other embodiments, second recess 1202 may be substantially largerthan first shaft 1300 or otherwise provide a less secure fit to firstshaft 1300. For example, in one embodiment, there may be no recess, orthe curvature of second recess 1202 may be nearly flat such that firstshaft 1300 rests on a surface that does not securely hold first shaft1300.

In FIG. 14, first shaft 1300 has been placed along recess surface 1304(see FIG. 13) of third partial structure 1200. First shaft 1300 can beseen to include a first portion 1400, a second portion 1402, and a thirdportion 1404. In some embodiments, first portion 1400 and third portion1404 are associated with the areas of first shaft 1300 that remainexposed, while second portion 1402 corresponds to the area of firstshaft 1300 that is in contact with the printed structure.

As printing continues in FIG. 15, additional layers are laid over thirdpartial structure 1200, as well as over first shaft 1300, forming afourth partial structure 1502. Fourth partial structure 1502 includes asecond tunnel 1500, formed in part with the previously formed secondrecess 1202. Thus, second portion 1402 of first shaft 1300 is nowcovered by or enclosed within second tunnel 1500 of fourth partialstructure 1502. In FIG. 16, printing is completed, and a fourthstructure 1600 has been formed. First shaft 1300 is positioned such thatsecond portion 1402 of first shaft 1300 is disposed entirely within aninterior portion of fourth structure 1600, while first portion 1400 andthird portion 1404 are positioned outside of fourth structure 1600.

In some embodiments, first shaft 1300 may be removed or detached fromfourth structure 1600. In one embodiment, second actuating system 190may be used to remove first shaft 1300 from fourth structure 1600. Forexample, in FIG. 17, first shaft 1300 is pulled from second tunnel 1500in direction of an arrow 1700. In some embodiments, first shaft 1300 maybe only partially removed from fourth structure 1600, or first shaft1300 may be repositioned within fourth structure 1600. In someembodiments, as first shaft 1300 moves through second tunnel 1500, firstportion 1400 is enclosed within fourth structure 1600, while secondportion 1402 moves out of second tunnel 1500 and becomes exposed alongwith third portion 1404. In other embodiments, first shaft 1300 may beremoved from another direction, such that third portion 1404 becomesenclosed within fourth structure 1600, while second portion 1402 movesout of second tunnel 1500 and becomes exposed along with first portion1400. In an alternative embodiment, first shaft 1300 may remain withinsecond tunnel 1500. It should be noted that upon removal of first shaft1300, first shaft 1300 may be reused.

In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 18, upon removal of first shaft 1300as depicted by an arrow 1802, a fifth structure 1800 with a hollow oremptied second tunnel 1500 is formed. Various aspects of fifth structure1800 are depicted in FIGS. 19-22. For example, in FIG. 19, an isometricview of fifth structure 1800 is presented. Second tunnel 1500 of fifthstructure 1800 can be seen to include a first end 1900 and a second end1902 (represented by dotted lines). The opening of first end 1900 is influid communication with the opening of second end 1902. In FIG. 20, aside-view of fifth structure 1800 is shown. The side-view depicts thepath of second tunnel 1500 through fifth structure 1800, from first end1900 to second end 1902, represented by a dotted line. FIG. 21 is afront view and FIG. 22 is a rear view of fifth structure 1800. In FIG.21, the opening associated with first end 1900 of second tunnel 1500 canbe seen, and similarly, in FIG. 22, the opening associated with secondend 1902 of second tunnel 1500 can be seen. Thus, second tunnel 1500provides a through-hole aperture or opening through the length of fifthstructure 1800. In some embodiments, this aperture may have anyadditional object or material inserted or incorporated within theaperture (including but not limited to first shaft 1300 or anotherelement), or it may remain unfilled.

Thus, in different embodiments, printing system 100 may allow formationof printed structures that include through-holes or other types ofopenings. In one embodiment, upon removal of elements, the tunnels maybe hollow or provide a space within the printed structure. It should benoted that in other embodiments, printing system 100 may also beutilized to form blind-hole openings within a printed structure. Forexample, as seen in FIGS. 23-26, various aspects of a sixth structure2300 are depicted. In FIG. 23, an isometric view of sixth structure 2300is presented. A third tunnel 2302 of sixth structure 2300 can be seen toinclude a first end 2304 and a second end 2306 (represented by dottedlines). However, second end 2306 of third tunnel 2302 is disposed withinthe interior of sixth structure 2300. In other words, the opening offirst end 2304 does not share a fluid opening beyond second end 2306 toa rear side 2308 of sixth structure 2300. Thus, sixth structure 2300includes a blind-hole aperture, so that there is an opening disposedalong only a front side 2310 of sixth structure 2300.

In FIG. 24, a side-view of sixth structure 2300 is shown. The side viewdepicts the path of third tunnel 2302 through sixth structure 2300, fromfirst end 2304 to second end 2306, represented by a dotted line. FIG. 25is a front view and FIG. 26 is a rear view of sixth structure 2300. InFIG. 25, the opening associated with first end 2304 of third tunnel 2302can be seen along front side 2310. However, in FIG. 26, there is asubstantially solid printed area comprising rear side 2308, without anopening as described in FIG. 22. In other words, third tunnel 2302provides a blind-hole aperture or opening through a portion of thelength of sixth structure 2300. In some embodiments, the aperture mayhave any object or material inserted or incorporated within, or it mayremain unfilled.

In different embodiments, it may be useful to form composite printedstructures that retain an incorporated element within the structure. Forexample, printed structures that retain an element may be moreresilient, sturdy, and resist deformation. Furthermore, compositeprinted structures can provide additional components pre-assembled foruse in other articles. In FIG. 27, a fifth partial structure 2700 isdepicted as formed on tray 112 in a partial representation of printingdevice 102. Fifth partial structure 2700 includes a third recess 2704.Depicted above fifth partial structure 2700 is a second shaft 2702. Asdescribed above, in some embodiments, the size, shape and dimensions ofthird recess 2704 may be selected to generally correspond at least inpart to the size, shape, and dimensions of an element. For example, inFIG. 27, third recess 2704 provides a recess surface 2708 that generallymatches the contours of at least a portion of second shaft 2702. Inother words, as second shaft 2702 is moved in the direction of an arrow2706, and is laid along recess surface 2708, at least a portion ofsecond shaft 2702 can fit snugly and securely within the curvatureprovided by third recess 2704. In other embodiments, third recess 2704may be substantially larger than second shaft 2702 or otherwise providea less secure fit to second shaft 2702. For example, in one embodiment,there may be no recess, or curvature of third recess 2704 may be nearlyflat such that second shaft 2702 rests on a surface that does notinclude contours for securely holding second shaft 2702.

In FIG. 28, second shaft 2702 has been placed along recess surface 2708(see FIG. 27) of fifth partial structure 2700. As printing continues inFIG. 29, additional layers have been printed over fifth partialstructure 2700, as well as over second shaft 2702, forming a seventhstructure 2900. Seventh structure 2900 includes a fourth tunnel 2902,formed in part with the previously formed third recess 2704. In theembodiment of FIG. 29, substantially the entire length and width ofsecond shaft 2702 is now covered by or enclosed within fourth tunnel2902 of seventh structure 2900. Thus, in some embodiments, as shown inFIG. 30, a composite printed structure 3000 can be formed, where anelement (such as second shaft 2702) is joined, attached, enclosed, orotherwise disposed within the printed structure. Together, a printedstructure may be formed in some embodiments that is more resilient,rigid, and/or or includes the properties of both the printed materialand the included element.

In the embodiment of FIG. 30, composite printed structure 3000 includesfourth tunnel 2902 with a first end 3002 and a second end 3004. Secondend 3004 is disposed within the interior of composite printed structure3000. In other words, fourth tunnel 2902 forms a blind-hole aperture incomposite printed structure 3000. However, it should be noted that inother embodiments, an element such as second shaft 2702 may be placed orincorporated into composite printed structure 3000 such that both firstend 3002 and second end 3004 are disposed in the interior of fourthtunnel 2902, and no opening is present on either a front side 3006 or arear side 3008. Thus, as described above, a fully enclosed elementlocated entirely within composite printed structure 3000 is possible insome embodiments.

It should be noted that in other embodiments, a composite printedstructure may also include portions that permit some portions of theelement to be exposed while the element is retained by the structure.For example, a composite printed structure may have various openingsalong the surface of the composite printed structure that expose or makevisible the incorporated element. In one embodiment, a composite printedstructure may have windows or gaps that expose one or more portions ofthe incorporated element.

It should be understood that the embodiments described above withrespect to the composite printed structures may also include orincorporate elements that are not fixed in place. In other words,printing system 100 may form composite printed structures with operativeelements. Operative elements can include portions that are moveablerelative to another portion of the operative element. As shown throughFIGS. 6-18, an element may be disposed within a printed structure (e.g.,second lace 700 in first tunnel 900 of third structure 1000, or firstshaft 1300 in second tunnel 1500 of fourth structure 1600). While insome embodiments, an element may be removed (as shown in FIGS. 16-18),in other embodiments, the same element may be retained by the printedstructure. In addition, in one embodiment, the element that is retainedmay be configured to move or slide through a tunnel formed in theprinted structure.

In some embodiments, for example, composite printed structures may bedesigned to provide guide tubes or routing components for a lacingsystem in an article of footwear. Thus, in some cases, a user may beable easily to tighten or loosen the laces (i.e., the elements) disposedwithin the printed guide tubes.

A variety of elements may be disposed within a printed structure whileretaining the ability to slide or translate through the printedstructure. In some embodiments, each of the elements described ormentioned herein may be configured such that they are disposed in aprinted structure, but are not attached to any portion of the printedstructure. In other words, an element may be disposed within a printedstructure and also be able to readily move through and/or along theprinted structure.

Thus, in some embodiments, second lace 700 in third structure 1000 maybe moved in a generally horizontal direction 1002. In one embodimentsecond lace 700 may be able to slide or be moved translationally (backand forth) through first tunnel 900. This may provide the printedstructure with the ability to act as a support, guide, router, covering,protection, sleeve, tube, anchor, or other such component for a portionof the element, while the element itself remains capable of movementthrough the printed structure. A further example may be seen in FIGS.16-17, where first shaft 1300 is shown as it slides or moves throughsecond tunnel 1500 of fourth structure 1600. In FIG. 18, first shaft1300 is removed from fourth structure 1600. However, in other cases, itshould be understood that first shaft 1300 may remain within fourthstructure 1300. In one case, first shaft 1300 can be configured to slidethrough second tunnel 1500 if so desired. It should also be understoodthat in some cases, an element may be removed from a printed structure,and a different element may be inserted within the same printedstructure. Thus, although first shaft 1300 is removed from fourthstructure 1300 in FIG. 18, a lace or another shaft, or a differentelement altogether, may be placed, incorporated into or used with secondtunnel 1500.

Printing system 100 may provide for the translation of elements in theprinted structures in a variety of ways. In some embodiments, thematerials comprising the printed structures may be different from thematerial comprising the elements. In some cases, the materials of eitheror both of the printed material and elements may be resistant toadhesion. In different cases, the use of dissimilar or incompatiblematerials that do not readily bind or adhere to one another, or, in onecase, materials that repel binding, may be used in each of the printedstructure and/or the element. Thus, in some embodiments, the element maycomprise a material that resists adhesion to the printed material. Inone embodiment, the element could comprise one or more materials thatinclude lower friction coefficients, such as materials with frictioncoefficients in the range of 0.01 and 0.30. In other embodiments, theprinted material may comprise a material that resists adhesion to theelement. In one embodiment, the printed material could comprise amaterial with a lower friction coefficients, such as material with afriction coefficient in the range of 0.01 and 0.30

Furthermore, in other cases, various portions of the elements or theinterior of the tunnels (the printed material) may be coated with orotherwise include a non-stick material or a low friction material. Someexamples of low friction materials include but are not limited topolymer coatings, fluorocarbons, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (e.g.,Teflon), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), perfluoroalkoxy (PFA),Delrin, paints and elastomeric coatings, anodized aluminium, phenolics,acetals, polyimides, polysulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, plastics,metallic materials, ceramics, silicone, enameled cast iron, seasonedcast iron, nylon, and/or other materials. In some instances, thecoatings or material included in the elements or printed material cancomprise thermoplastics or thermoplastic polymers. In other cases, thematerials used may comprise thermosets.

As discussed above, elements may vary in shape, size, and other featuresin different embodiments. FIGS. 31-34 present a few examples of elementsthat may be placed on, utilized, incorporated or otherwise joined to aprinted structure. In FIG. 31, a cylindrical shaped third shaft 3100 isillustrated. Third shaft 3100 has a first end 3102 that is generallycircular, and a second end 3104 that is also circular. In the embodimentof FIG. 31, third shaft 3100 is generally uniform along its length, andfirst end 3102 and second end 3104 are substantially similar. In FIG.32, a rectangular cylinder type fourth shaft 3200 is depicted. Fourthshaft 3200 includes sharper edges at a first end 3202 and second end3204 relative to third shaft 3100. Similar to third shaft 3100, fourthshaft 3200 is generally uniform along its length, and first end 3202 andsecond end 3204 are substantially similar.

As seen in the Figures, different elements may be used to form varyingshapes in the printed structures. Thus, in some embodiments, elementsmay be used which include additional edges, shapes, portions, or otherfeatures. For example, in FIGS. 33 and 34, two elements are depictedwhich may be contrasted with those previously presented in FIGS. 31 and32. FIG. 33 illustrates a fifth shaft 3300 and FIG. 34 a sixth shaft3400 that are substantially rectangular.

However, fifth shaft 3300 includes a first vane 3306 and a second vane3308 disposed along a first end 3302. Similarly, sixth shaft 3400includes a first vane 3406 and a second vane 3408 disposed along firstend 3402. For purposes of this description, a vane is a bump,irregularity, or additional component or piece that is part of anelement or disposed along the length of the element. Furthermore, in theembodiments of FIGS. 33 and 34, the vanes are tapered, whereby the widthof each vane decreases as it approaches first end 3302 of fifth shaft3300 and first end 3402 of sixth shaft 3400 respectively. The taperingcan provide a shaft with a smoother removal from a printed structure.

Vanes and other additional features of elements may provide printedstructures with different designs, and allow insertion of variouslyshaped components. In some embodiments, vanes can enhance the aestheticof a printed structure. In another embodiment, vanes may help formsections in the tunnels that are necessary for the utilization of theprinted structure.

A second end 3304 of fifth shaft 3300 does not include a vane, nor doesa second end 3404 of sixth shaft include a vane. In other embodiments,fifth shaft 3300 and/or sixth shaft 3400 may include different types ornumbers of vanes, as well as vanes of different sizes and shapes. Forexample, fifth shaft 3300 in FIG. 33 has a first vane 3306 with a sharpedge, whereas sixth shaft in FIG. 34 has a first vane 3406 with arounded edge relative to fifth shaft 3300. Thus, different types ofshafts may be designed to provide a variety of different openings andtunnels or composites to a printed structure. It should be noted that insome embodiments, third shaft 3100, fourth shaft 3200, fifth shaft 3300and/or sixth shaft 3400 may be reusable. Thus, the shape of an element,including any vanes, should allow it to be removed readily from theprinted structure in which it was incorporated.

The printed structures of the present embodiments may provide enhancedsupport. In some cases, one or more printed structures may be attachedto an underlying component such as a fabric layer of an upper or otherarticle, and may act to enhance support over a portion of the component.This may occur in situations where the printed structure is more rigidthan an underlying material (e.g., fabric, leather, etc.).

In some embodiments, as mentioned with respect to FIG. 2, printedstructures may be included on an upper. FIGS. 35-38 depict an embodimentof an upper 3500 that includes an example of the printed structuresdescribed herein. Printed structures may be formed to provide eyelets orother lacing components in some embodiments. In FIG. 35, upper 3500includes a plurality of partial structures 3502 that have been formed onprint surface 148, which is a surface of upper 3500. Partial structures3502 include a first partial structure 3504 and a second partialstructure 3506 disposed along lateral side 206. Other partial structures3502 are disposed along medial side 208. In FIG. 36, a plurality of laceelements 3600 have been introduced to upper 3500. Lace elements 3600include a third lace 3602, a fourth lace 3604, a fifth lace 3606, and asixth lace 3608. In FIG. 36, third lace 3602 and fourth lace 3604 aredisposed along medial side 208, and fifth lace 3606 and sixth lace 3608are disposed along lateral side 206. Lace elements 3600 have beendisposed along upper 3500 such that each partial structure printed onupper 3500 is in contact with a lace element. For example, first partialstructure 3504 is in contact with sixth lace 3608, and second partialstructure 3506 is in contact with fifth lace 3606. In some embodiments,a lace end 3610 or another lace component may also be included with laceelements 3600. In other embodiments, there may be no additionalcomponents attached to lace elements 3600.

In FIG. 37, additional printed material has been added to each ofpartial structures 3502 of FIGS. 35 and 36. Upper 3500 includes aplurality of structures 3700. Plurality of structures 3700 haveincorporated plurality of lace elements 3600 within each structure. Forexample a seventh structure 3702 has incorporated a portion of sixthlace 3608 and an eighth structure 3704 has incorporated a portion offifth lace 3606. In some embodiments, structures 3700 may comprise aseries of eyelets for lace elements 3600. In other embodiments,structures 3700 may comprise any other component or part of upper 3500.

FIG. 38 provides an illustration of an embodiment of flattened upper3500 of FIGS. 35-37 that has been assembled as a three-dimensional upper3802. Upper 3802, along with a sole structure 3804 and laces 3806,comprise a third article 3800. Third article 3800 is an article offootwear 3800 that includes printed structures 3700 with lace elements3600. In different embodiments, a variety of designs, patterns,components, elements, structures, and other features may be included inan article using the techniques described herein.

In the exemplary embodiment, printed structures 3700 with lace elements3600 can provide an aesthetic design for upper 3802 and/or and means forcontrolling tension across portions of upper 3802. Thus in some cases,printed structures 3700 may be arranged to control the positioning oflace elements 3600 so as to provide specific tensioning configurations.Moreover, in some cases, provisions may be included for adjusting thetension provided by lace elements, for example by including mechanismsfor maintaining tension in one or more of the lace elements 3600.

While various embodiments have been described, the description isintended to be exemplary, rather than limiting and it will be apparentto those of ordinary skill in the art that many more embodiments andimplementations are possible that are within the scope of theembodiments. Although many possible combinations of features are shownin the accompanying figures and discussed in this detailed description,many other combinations of the disclosed features are possible. Anyfeature of any embodiment may be used in combination with or substitutedfor any other feature or element in any other embodiment unlessspecifically restricted. Therefore, it will be understood that any ofthe features shown and/or discussed in the present disclosure may beimplemented together in any suitable combination. Accordingly, theembodiments are not to be restricted except in light of the attachedclaims and their equivalents. Also, various modifications and changesmay be made within the scope of the attached claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of printing one or more structures, themethod comprising: discharging a printed material from a nozzle onto aprint surface; forming at least a first layer of a first structure usingthe printed material; placing at least a portion of an element adjacentthe first layer of the first structure, wherein the at least a portionof the element is in contact with the first layer; forming at least asecond layer of the first structure using the printed material; andenclosing the at least a portion of the element at least partiallywithin the first structure.
 2. The method according to claim 1, whereinthe printed material is extruded in the form of droplets.
 3. The methodaccording to claim 1, further comprising printing a second structure,and placing at least another portion of the element within the secondstructure.
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the elementcomprises a material that resists adhesion to the printed material, andwherein the element is configured to move within the second structure.5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the element is a cord. 6.The method according to claim 5, wherein the cord is a lace for anarticle of footwear.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein theelement is a reusable shaft.
 8. The method according to claim 7, furthercomprising removing the reusable shaft from the first structure.
 9. Themethod according to claim 8, wherein removing the element furtherincludes forming a through-hole in the first structure.
 10. The methodaccording to claim 9, further comprising inserting a lace into thethrough-hole of the first structure.
 11. The method according to claim7, further comprising printing a second structure with the reusableshaft disposed at least partially within the second structure.
 12. Themethod according to claim 11, further comprising removing the reusableshaft from the second structure.
 13. The method according to claim 12,further comprising inserting a lace into a through-hole of the secondstructure.
 14. A method of printing one or more structures on an articleof apparel, the method comprising: discharging a printed material from anozzle onto a print surface, wherein the print surface is a surface ofthe article of apparel; forming at least a first layer of a firststructure using the printed material, wherein the first layer includes arecess; placing at least a portion of an element at least partiallywithin the recess; forming at least a second layer of the firststructure using the printed material; and enclosing the at least aportion of the element at least partially within the first structure.15. The method according to claim 14, further comprising forming asecond structure, and enclosing at least a portion of the element atleast partially within the second structure.
 16. The method according toclaim 15, wherein the element is a lace for an article of footwear, andwherein the lace extends continuously between the first structure andthe second structure.
 17. The method according to claim 14, wherein thenozzle is part of a 3D printer.
 18. The method according to claim 14,wherein the printed material bonds to the surface of the article ofapparel.
 19. The method according to claim 14, wherein the printedmaterial includes a thermoplastic material.
 20. The method according toclaim 14, wherein at least a portion of the element includes alow-friction material, and wherein the element is configured to movewithin the first structure.
 21. The method according to claim 14,wherein the article of apparel is an upper for an article of footwear.22. A method of printing one or more structures using a printing system,the method comprising: discharging a printed material from a nozzle ontoa print surface; forming at least a first layer of a first structureusing the printed material; placing at least a portion of an elementadjacent the first layer of the first structure, wherein the at least aportion of the element is in contact with the first structure; formingat least a second layer of the first structure using the printedmaterial; enclosing at least another portion of the element at leastpartially within the first structure; removing the at least a portion ofthe element from the first structure; and forming a tunnel in the firststructure, wherein the tunnel forms a blind-hole aperture in the firststructure.
 23. The method according to claim 22, wherein the element isa reusable shaft.
 24. The method according to claim 23, wherein thereusable shaft includes at least one vane.